Saturday, August 25, 2012

How to build a fixie

Last week I built a fixie.  Here's how I did it.





First I went on Craig's List and looked for 1970s-ish steel bicycles that would make good fixies.  I tried a couple of sellers before settling on the orange Schwinn Varsity, which I bought for $120.  This is what the bike looked like:

I took of the wheels, the chain, the crankset, the rear brake, the front and rear derailleurs, and all the shifters.
From eighthinch.com I purchased an Amelia wheelset with a 16-tooth cog on the rear wheel, which cost $109.50, including shipping.  I also purchased a 44-tooth chainring for a one-piece crankset and an eighth-inch-wide single-speed chain from harriscyclery.net for $31.40, including shipping.  From a local bike shop I bought white Fizik bar tape and a new brake cable (I already had on hand fresh brake pads), which cost about $24.  In total I spent about $285 on the bike and parts.

The first step in reassembling the bike was to install the wheels.  The cog on the rear wheel has right-handed threads, so when you pedal forward, the cog gets tighter.  But on top of the cog goes a lockring that is reverse-threaded, so when you push back on the pedals to stop, you don't unscrew the cog.  The rear stays had to be squeezed together a little bit due to the lack of a freewheel.  Next I cleaned out the bottom bracket, composed of the cups and ball bearings, which was full of grime and grease.  The one-piece crank, which is pretty unique to this old style of bike, looks like this:



I greased up the cups with white lightning grease and put the bottom bracket together, ball bearings and all, this time substituting a single 44-tooth chainring for the double that the bike originally came with.  That extra hole you see that looks kind of out of place fits into the drive pin located on the one-piece crank.
Next it was time to install the single-speed chain.  Getting the chain sized appropriately is important because a fixie has no derailleur to take up the extra slack.  Fortunately the old Schwinn had horizontal drop-outs (the C-shaped indentations in the frame where the rear axle sits), which allow some wiggle room if the chain is not perfectly taut.  I erred on making the chain a bit long, so that I could just move the rear axle back in the drop-outs to make it taut.

Once I had the chain on, the bike was ready to ride, but not necessarily safely.  I installed new brake pads and a new brake cable on the front.  I wrapped the handle bars with white grip tape to make it look flashy.  And unfortunately, the bolt holding the handlebars to the stem was missing, which I didn't know about when I bought the bike, causing the handlebars to wiggle to and fro while you were riding.  After going to multiple hardware stores and multiple bike shops, I still was not able to find a bolt that fit the threads.  I think Schwinn literally invented their own bolt size!  So I used a bolt that was a little too small and tightened it down hard with a nut, which seems to work for now.  Finally, I took off a piece of metal that used to be holding shifters by removing the stem temporarily from the headset.

And that was it!  It's going to take a bit of practice to get used to riding fixed gear.  I didn't realize I coast fairly often, mostly when riding around the city.  With the fixie, you have to keep pedaling all the way up to the red light!  I haven't gone up any giant hills yet, but fortunately they don't exist in Michigan.

  

Monday, August 20, 2012

Gear Ratio Math

This weekend I purchased a 1970s Schwinn Varsity, which this article calls "the single most significant American bicycle."  I am in the process of converting it into a fixed gear bicycle, and I'll have photos and a description of that process soon.  Today's post, however, is on some math with fixed gear bicycles.  On fixed gear bikes, there is one speed, one chainring, and one cog.  What makes a fixed gear different from a generic single speed is that the drivetrain is connected directly to the hub of the rear wheel without a winch mechanism permitting free turning of the wheel while the pedals remain stationary.  You have to pedal continuously on a fixed gear bike as long as you're moving forward!

One of the most important decisions when making a fixed gear bike is choosing which gear you want to be stuck in forever.  I chose to make this decision based on my desired leg revolutions per minute and desired speed.  Since I'll be using the bike for getting around town and maybe a few longer rides, I want to be going about 18 mph when I'm pedaling at 90 revolutions per minute.  Now, how do I figure out what gear ratio to use?

18 mph = 28,962 meters per hour = 482.7 meters per minute

The circumference of my bike wheel (700x23c size) will be 2.09858 meters.  This means the rear wheel will need to turn 230.013 turns per minute.  I want my pedals to be turning at 90 per minute.  This means the gear ratio I'll need is 230.013/90 = 2.5557.  Of course, chainrings and cogs come in limited sizes, and to minimize wear on the chain both should have an even number of teeth.  I've decided on a 42x16 combination, which is actually a gear ratio of 42/16 = 2.625, corresponding to a speed of 18.5 mph at 90 rpm.

Now that we've done some basic arithmetic, how about a little number theory?  As I was reading up on fixed gear bikes, there was much discussion on "skid patches."  Some die-hards believe that adding a break to a fixed gear ruins its sleekness, and so they rely on skidding to stop their bike.  Basically they lean forward to take weight off the back wheel, lock their legs, and then skid to stop.  Since most people skid with their pedals in the same position every time, this causes skid patches to form on the tire at certain locations.  The gear ratio determines how many skid patches you end up with.  For example, if your gear ratio is 45x15, then every pedal stroke corresponds to 3 whole wheel revolutions, and you will have one skid patch.  If your gear ratio is 42x16, as I plan mine to be, you will have 8 skid patches.  How do you determine how many skid patches you'll have?

Theorem.  Let a/b be the reduced gear ratio, meaning that a and b are relatively prime integers (In the above example, 42x16 reduces to 21/8).  Then there are b skid patches.

Proof. First we show that there cannot be more than b skid patches.  If a/b is the reduced gear ratio, then for every one pedal revolution there are a/b revolutions of the wheel.  So for every b pedal revolutions there are a wheel revolutions.  Thus, b pedal revolutions returns us to the original starting location on the wheel, since a is an integer.  So there can't be more than b skid patches.

Now we show that there can't be fewer than b skid patches.  Let's assume that there are fewer than b skid patches.  Then there exist two different numbers of pedal revolutions that correspond to the same location on the wheel.  Let's call these two different numbers of pedal revolutions m and n, with 0<n<m<b.  If m and n pedal revolutions get us to the same spot on the wheel, then their difference, m-n pedal revolutions will get us to the same spot on the wheel.  Now m-n pedal revolutions is equal to (m-n)(a/b) wheel revolutions, which must be an integer in our case.  This means that b divides m-n or b divides a.  But b can't divide m-n because m and n are both less than b, and b can't divide a because b and a are relatively prime.  This is a contradiction, so after every pedal revolution [0,1,2...b-1] we must be at a different location on the wheel, and there must not be fewer than b skid patches.

There are no more or no fewer than b skid patches, so there must be exactly b skid patches.

Some fixed gear skidders are ambidextrous, and can skid with either their left or their right leg forward.

Theorem.  Consider the case of an ambidextrous skidder.  If the reduced gear ratio a/b has an even numerator, then there are b skid patches.  If the reduced gear ratio has an odd numerator, then there are 2b skid patches.

Proof.  Ambidextrous skidders can skid every half pedal revolution, which is equivalent to a situation where we have a single-side skidder using a front chainring half as large.  The gear ratio for an ambidextrous skidder, then, is effectively (a/2)/b.  If a is even, then this can simplify such that a and b remain integers, and as above there are b skid patches.  If a is odd, the gear ratio could only be simplified to a/2b and according to the theorem above we have 2b skid patches.  

Saturday, August 11, 2012

Liquid Nitrogen and Helium

This evening we made liquid nitrogen ice cream.  We used a very simple recipe--one quart of heavy cream, one pint of milk, 3 tablespoons of vanilla, and 1/2 cup sugar.  Then we added about half a gallon of liquid N2 to bring the mix down to 77 Kelvin (-321 degrees F).  The ice cream was quite smooth and delicious.


Ned and Liesel enjoying liquid nitrogen ice cream.

I was curious about some properties of extremely cold matter that I remember learning in high school and decided to read up on it.  Other than being extremely cold, nothing particularly exciting happens around the temperature at which nitrogen is liquid.  Liquid helium, however, is considerably colder (boiling point of 4.2 K), and at these temperatures we start to see very interesting quantum mechanical phenomena.  For example, if you cool liquid helium a couple degrees below its boiling point, it becomes a superfluid, with bizarre properties.  Atoms of most elements settle into a solid at cold enough temperatures due to intermolecular interactions.  Helium, however, is so light and has such weak intermolecular interactions that even at absolute zero it remains a liquid.  Since helium stays liquid near absolute zero, it can transform into a Bose-Einstein condensate, in which all the atoms of the liquid move in unison with each other.  Superfluid helium can leak through its container, finding openings between the container molecules that ordinary fluids would not be able to penetrate.  Superfluids also have zero viscosity, which means they can climb up the walls of their container, seemingly defying gravity, and spill over the edge, eventually emptying the container.


More practically, liquid helium is used for cooling superconducting magnets used in NMR and MRI machines.  Superconducting magnets are made from superconducting wire, which when cooled below a critical temperature, exhibit zero electrical resistance.  Electrical current will flow forever in a loop of superconducting material.


Really cool video on superconductors.

As you might expect, it is pretty simple to make liquid nitrogen, since it makes up 80% of air.  All you have to do is compress air, allow it to radiate off its heat, and then let it expand, which will cause the gas to get extremely cold.  This process is repeated several times until liquid nitrogen is achieved. 

Wednesday, July 25, 2012

Epilepsy Surgery

Two and half weeks ago, I completed my 8-week surgery rotation.  Doing one or two clinical clerkships before starting the PhD is optional at Michigan, but taking this option is one decision I'm very happy about.  For one, I got to see what being a doctor is all about, and I won't be worrying for the next four years about whether I have what it takes.  I also got to see how all the facts I was memorizing for the past two years come into play in real life.  And finally, I got to join my classmates during the most challenging transition of their careers, and I got to work closely with a few classmates that I had not worked with before.  I strongly recommend splitting the M3 year for any MD/PhD student--I actually think it should be mandatory at most schools.

The first month I was on the General Surgery-White service, which is mostly gastrointestinal surgery.  The second month I was on the transplant service, with a one-week stint on the neurosurgery service.  The transplant service was the most enjoyable because the professors and fellows spent a significant amount of time teaching medical students.  We were also required to make a 15-minute presentation on a topic in transplant; I did mine on organ sales.  Some of the surgeries I saw over the two months included laparoscopic cholecystectomy, liver resection, Frey procedure for chronic pancreatitis, bowel resection, peritoneal window for a lymphocele, nephrectomy, and kidney transplant.  Unfortunately I missed out on a liver transplant and Whipple procedure for pancreatic/bile duct cancer, which are big operations also performed on the services I rotated on.  Overall I had a great time on surgery, but I don't think my skill set or  scientific interests are aligned with a career in surgery.

While on neurosurgery, I saw several procedures on the spine as well as a temporal lobectomy for epilepsy. I wondered what sorts of surgery are available for epilepsy, how often it is performed, and how successful it is.  Below is some interesting information I found.

Surgery is considered for epilepsy patients who have not responded to sufficient trials of anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) and who have a reasonable chance of benefiting from surgery.  What is considered "sufficient trials" is not set in stone, as an estimated 300 years would be required to try all AEDs in all combinations.  Patients who benefit from surgery have what are called "complex partial" seizures, which means that their seizures originate in a defined focus in the brain and cause them to lose consciousness.

Before surgery, a number of tests must be performed.  A brain MRI is taken to assess brain structure.  An electroencephalogram (EEG) is commonly used to diagnose epilepsy but is usually not used to make major surgical decisions.  Neuropsychological testing can determine the patient's baseline attention, concentration, language, visuospatial skills, verbal and visual memory, problem solving, personality, and emotional functioning.  Many of these skills are carried out by distinct regions of the brain, so a patient's performance on the tests can tell physicians where the epileptogenic focus lies.  The intracarotid amobarbital (Wada) test, in which the left and right sides of the brain are anesthetized one at a time, permits determination of language and memory lateralization.  If a patient can accurately recall 75% of items presented during anesthetization, then the hemisphere contralateral to the one anesthetized should be able to support memory after the anesthetized hemisphere undergoes surgery.  If the above non-invasive methods still leave ambiguities in the surgical plan, then invasive intracranial monitoring can be performed by placing electrodes in the space under the dura mater, the connective tissue sheath surrounding the brain.

There are four operations that can be performed for epilepsy:

1. Anteromedial temporal resection (AMTR): Excision of the amygdala (fear conditioning), hippocampal head and body (memory), uncus, entorhinal region (spatial memories), and the parahippocampal gyrus (memory encoding), and a variable portion of the tip of the temporal lobe.  This is the most commonly performed procedure for epilepsy, as the medial temporal lobe is a common location of epileptogenic foci.
2) Corpus callosotomy: Disconnection of communication between the two brain hemispheres.  Usually only the anterior portion of the connection wires are broken.
3) Functional hemispherectomy: One side of the brain is disconnected from all other structures, but the brain remains in place (actually removing one side of the brain increases morbidity).
4) Multiple subpial transection: Cuts are made perpendicular to the brain surface in the epileptogenic focus.  The idea is that the cuts will disrupt side-to-side connections between neurons that cause a seizure to spread, while preserving connections from the outer most layer of the brain to the inner layers.

A 2011 study showed that in a cohort of 615 adults who underwent epilepsy surgery, 52% remained seizure-free five years post-op (excluding small seizures that did not cause the patient to lose consciousness).  Patients with medial temporal lobe epilepsy can benefit from AMTR early in their disease course, even though the average waiting period for patients to undergo epilepsy surgery is currently 20 years.  Corpus callosotomy usually decreases but does not stop seizures, as more than 80% of patients experience a 60-70% decrease in seizures (but 10-15% of patients get no benefit).  Amazingly, cutting off communication between the brain hemispheres has remarkably few side effects.  Occasionally patients have transient paralysis in part of their body or temporary bladder incontinence.  While psychological studies can detect impaired inter-hemisphere communication, this does not interfere with patients' daily living.  Similarly, functional hemispherectomy has a seizure-free outcome in 54-90% of patients, with the only common long-term complication being impaired motor function of the contralateral hand.

One more detail to add from the temporal lobectomy that I witnessed: rather than remove brain tissue en bloc, the surgeons used a suction device.  Brain tissue was sucked up by the sucker, which made a horrible noise, and sent to waste!

In the future, I wonder if epilepsy surgeons will not be removing brain tissue, but possibly modifying it by injecting drugs or stem cells that would stabilize the electrical activity?  Unfortunately we don't know how most epilepsy drugs work (hence the trial and error in selection and dosing), but if we figure that out, perhaps more targeted therapies carried out by surgeons will be possible.

Monday, July 23, 2012

Are progressive reforms un-American?

Some of my friends argue that the culture of the United States prohibits a national health plan, a sound climate change policy, stricter gun laws, and other progressive reforms.  While admitting that such reforms would alleviate much suffering on paper, my friends say they simply won't work in our country.  Is there really something thoroughly un-American about pursuing national goals?  Would enacting these reforms really destroy the United States as we know it?

Unfortunately, the United States is already being destroyed because some of our most upstanding values have been perverted while others have been forgotten completely.  Americans have long valued personal freedom--freedom of religion, freedom of speech, and freedom to make money through a capitalist economy.  Closely tied to this value of individual freedom is the American dream--the idealized story of a person who rises from poverty using their own ingenuity and elbow grease, without assistance from others.  Unfortunately, research shows that inter-generational socioeconomic mobility in the U.S. is substantially less than that in Europe and Canada (see Understanding mobility in America by Tom Hertz: http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2006/04/Hertz_MobilityAnalysis.pdf).  It turns out that giving people the nominal freedom to make money with low taxes does not imply you are giving them the means to success, no matter how much they work.  Lack of education, jobs, and health care are all huge obstacles that can't be overcome simply by letting people do as they please.  Furthermore, the American ideal of personal freedom has been warped into an exaggerated "I do what I want" attitude, in all aspects of life (larger and larger serving sizes at McDonald's, for example), in which any sort of collective organization or movement by the nation as a whole is seen as undermining one's "freedom."  It's not entirely clear how this came about, but politics certainly played a role.  After all, the idea of a health care mandate originally came from Republicans and was later vehemently opposed for political reasons.  

In any case, the emphasis on individuality comes at a time when going it alone is becoming a poorer and poorer strategy in multiple diverse contexts.  In foreign policy, unilateral military action without support from allies in the 21st century is ludicrous.  In technology, crowd-sourcing and global communication have made it possible to accomplish complex tasks.  In science and medicine, great strides are being made by collaborations among experts in different areas.  We are seeing that modern nations do not survive if they remain divided as millions of individual families trying to make the best of things.  Modern nations thrive when they combine their resources for a common goal.  The big problems of today--health care, climate change, gun violence--require unified action from the entire nation.  The issues we currently face are no less daunting than those faced during World War II, when we came together unified against a common enemy, and we reached the height of our international prowess.  In the 1940s, people prided themselves on making sacrifices for the good of the country, and overcoming today's problems will also require sacrifices.  Unfortunately, making sacrifices is no longer on Americans' value radar, as we've been spoiled by decades of prosperity.


In sum, I believe that American values at their best are in support of the reforms we need to tackle climate change, health care shortages, and other major issues.  What's actually in the way of these reforms is Americans themselves, who have become complacent and oblivious to the loss of respect that the U.S. once commanded on the world stage.  Our political leaders have failed as well to light the fire and rekindle the collective spirit of the nation.  We need them to emphasize the urgency, because today's challenges are insidious, without a "Pearl Harbor" call to arms.  Let's stop being anti-social, America, and come together for the good of our nation and the world! 


Sunday, January 29, 2012

Biorhythms Winter 2012

Here are videos from the two acts I participated in during the University of Michigan Medical School Biorhythms Show Winter 2012.  In the first dance I was a defibrillator.  The second act was with our rap group Phlomax: Internists vs. Pathologists.  This year four professors joined us on stage!


Arryhthmias from UMMS on Vimeo.


Sunday, January 15, 2012

Bluffing

Here is a short story I wrote over winter break.

Bluffing

Change—the bubble of all time.  Extraordinary promises of change heralded every day by our leaders, our peers, ourselves.  Our souls tethered to brightly-colored balloons, propping up false dreams and atrophying our strength with their illusion of hope.  Shells of ornate, eye-catching cellophane microns thick, surrounding a vast core of hollow emptiness, all of it exploded by a tiny stab.  What a challenge to instill fundamental change in something, to replace the balloons with wings of truth, powerful and tireless.  Politicians trumpet “change” in every speech and debate, but their instruments are plastic and their music is derived from the same tired ditties.  The maestro of revolutionary rhetoric, Obama has changed little.  While global warming bares its teeth, we cover our faces and turn away, ignoring its fiery breath and saliva raining down in storms on our cities.  While unemployment skyrockets, families are evicted, and children drop out of failing schools, we throw up our hands in defeat and comfort ourselves with television and French fries.  While the freedoms of expression and choice are now celebrated in far-reaching corners of the world, we fail to recognize the rights of some of our own citizens.
    
Why so hard, change?  Because our beliefs are not whisps of cotton which we cling to for transitory comfort and then let go; rather, they are held tightly to our core, and changing them means changing our being.  Likewise, our institutions and government are welded to our culture and traditions.  If we want to change things on earth, we have to change people.  The difficulty derives from evolution, which after millions of years has programmed us to fear any unfamiliar idea or action.  If our bellies are full and our genetic legacies secure, yet there remains a better way to educate our children or a more sustainable way to farm, natural selection does not care.  We may be compassionate, kind, generous, and wise, but if our behavior does not yield more offspring, natural selection remains indifferent.  Virtue is rare because it is simply not required for procreation.  Many people strive to be viewed as virtuous; alas, pride and pretension run rampant in our society.  Why be virtuous when for much less energy, you can pretend to be and derive the same benefits?  Respect, fame, love are given away like candy in our society.  All that’s desired can be acquired by encasing oneself in a façade of virtue, like a fresh paintjob on the same dilapidated used car.  Anybody can be honest when it’s convenient, or recite a memorized sentence of sympathy.  The reality is that changing ourselves into upstanding citizens requires patience, resolve, and most importantly, assistance from others.

I think about life as a game of cards.  Each of us is dealt a hand of characteristics—virtuous and not.  To improve our hand, we need to play the game.  Perhaps a little thoughtfulness is desired?  It may be attained only by sitting down at the table and struggling and laughing with others.  One may have to take a risk, place a few bets, put themselves in jeopardy a few times.  Alliances need to be formed and favors exchanged.  Maybe that thoughtfulness card becomes available in some high roller’s self-assured discard.  Or more likely, one strikes a deal with another, and acquires thoughtfulness in exchange for support and friendship in the game.  Cards are swapped and traded, and our hands begin to take on characteristics of those we love. 
 
Which brings me to my brother.  Paul thought he could transform himself from evil to good, with no one’s help, in an afternoon.  If only he understood—you can’t win if you don’t play the game!  Making cards appear out of thin air…magic tricks don’t work in the game of life.  It had been ten years since my brother got out of prison, and twenty-eight since I last saw him.  He sent an email saying he was sorry to have been so out of touch, but he was in the area and he’d like to visit me.  I had never been close to Paul, and I had little desire, now that he was a felon, to rekindle a relationship that never existed.  After years of pain he caused my family and me, I had only recently been successful in removing him from my daily thoughts.  Nonetheless, I found myself replying to his email with my address.  I think it was out of curiosity mostly—I’d always wondered about life behind bars.

A solid knock on my door came at precisely 7 o’clock—surprising as I couldn’t remember a time when Paul had been on time.  I cracked the door, still a touch nervous about my safety.  Standing on the porch was a stunningly attractive man, who at best was related to my brother.  He was clean-shaven and smiling confidently, eyebrows raised and forehead wrinkled, as if praying for my acceptance.  My eyes lingered on his plump blood red lips—was he wearing lipstick?  He stood taller than I remembered, and his wire frame had been filled out with a thick neck and puffed out chest.  He was wearing a red scarf and a jet black coat that further accented his lips, and he was carrying a bottle of wine in one hand and a backpack in the other.  He was 44 years old.  “Greg.”

We shook hands.  I had never before greeted him with touch.  Paul and I grew up in Mississippi in the 1980s, long enough after the Civil Rights Movement for racism to be called dead by politicians but still very alive in the conscious of redneck Southerners and the subconscious of just about every other white person.  Our family had a black maid named Natalia, who came to clean the house and cook dinner every Monday evening—boiled potatoes, collard greens, and fried chicken.  One night as she was leaving I asked where she lived.  “Three miles south of here, with my mother and grandmother.”

My parents took me north, east, and west of where we lived, but never south.  South was a mysterious, forbidden land.  In school they could have taught us “Never Eat Wheat” for the cardinal directions and that would have sufficed for me.  The black section of town had its own restaurants, bars, grocery stores, bowling alleys.  The Civil Rights Act hadn’t changed the realities of segregation; the Northside and the Southside might as well have been on different planets.

I hadn’t been to the Southside, but my brother had.  Many times.  I discovered later through one of his friends that in early adolescence he had been indoctrinated by a neo-Nazi group that met in a Southside clubhouse twice weekly.  From their rooftop hangout they’d terrorize blacks with bb guns.  My parents didn’t find out about Paul’s whereabouts until it was too late. 
 
At the age of sixteen, Paul left home.  He taped a note on the front door, saying that life with us in this sheltered suburban community was holding him back.  He wanted to see more, and he couldn’t wait until he grew older.  We received letters from him every month or two—first he joined the KKK in Kentucky, then he enrolled at Bob Jones University in South Carolina for a semester, and astonishingly, obtained a job as a preacher in rural Wisconsin.  When he was 24 he was arrested for assaulting one of his parishioners, who confronted him after one of his not-so-subtly racist sermons.  Later that year he was involved in a race riot in Georgia, during which he orchestrated the destruction of several local government buildings, ultimately leading to one death and several injuries.  He was sentenced to ten years for manslaughter.

“It’s amazing to see you,” I croaked, still taken aback by this deity impersonating my brother.
I led him into the living room.   

“Nice Cézanne,” he said, referring to a copy of a painting on the far wall depicting two men playing cards.  “By the way, I got darn good at Texas Hold ‘Em in the lock-up.”

I raised my eyebrows.  His juxtaposition of French and American culture struck me as odd.

“Yeah, we’d play for desserts.  There was one guy who always won an extra serving of chocolate pudding.   
I noticed that he held his cards in his left hand, the hand with a watch on it.  He would hide a card or two in the wristband of his watch, underneath his sleeve, which he’d change out with a card in his hand.  Once I slapped his wrist, revealing everything, he retired for good, and I won fair and square.” 

“Ha, well done,” I mused.  People are always trying to obtain more than they’re dealt.  “So what have you been up to after achieving poker fame?”  I asked, finding him a little easier to talk to than I expected.

“I’m working two jobs now.  I went to cooking school right after getting out, and now I’m working as a chef at my instructor’s Italian restaurant in Baltimore.”  Another surprise—he was a hamburger-fries kid growing up.  “A few months ago I started teaching math at Baltimore County Community College.  You want to see the textbook we’re using?” he asked, motioning to the backpack.  He pulled out a book entitled Calculus

“Is this for real?” I exclaimed.  He barely reached algebra in high school.  “Paul, you’ll have to excuse me, it’s been a while for both of us.  I have to admit, you’re not the kid I remember.”

He smiled again, his lips bulging even more prominently.  “I was severely depressed in prison,” he said.  “I had always been an active person, always doing things, unwise may they be.  In prison the only thing to do is play cards, and early on I wasn’t even allowed that.  My sentencing permitted one half-hour per day outside my cell.  After a couple years of good behavior, a social worker saw how depressed I was and took pity on me.  She requested to have me join the road crew that cleans up trash along the highway.  I hated it.  There were prisoners of all stripes on that crew…it was insulting to work alongside them.  I think you know what I was like back then.”

I looked away.  His racism, of all his faults, was the most nauseating for me.  “I had so much anger pent up inside me,” Paul continued.  “Road crew was the only time I could let some energy out.  One morning some guy in a pickup truck flicked a cigarette butt at me.  Anger turned into rage, and I chucked the beer bottle I had just picked up through his rear window.”

Paul’s eyes twinkled, just for a second, as if he found the memory slightly humorous.  “I would have been immediately banned from road crew for the rest of my term.  But one of the black guys on the road crew, Frank, told the supervisor it was him who threw the bottle.  I couldn’t believe it.  Why would anyone do that for a prejudiced prick like me?

“I saw Frank at dinner that night.  I asked him ‘Why the hell did you do that?’  He said, ‘I could tell you needed that road crew work.  You need at outlet.  Me, I keep to myself in my cell and don’t mind it one bit.’

“Never had anyone done something like that for me.  Never had anyone made a thoughtful observation and then acted on it to help me out.  I realized my childhood had been one giant disaster.  So I started over.  I went back to age 8, and had to start making friends all over again.  It was like being reborn, in a way.”

“How did you just toss aside your past like that?” I asked.  I didn’t understand how this one event, however significant, could trigger such a profound change.

“It sounds crazy.  But I hated myself.  Frank’s gesture was a wakeup call that made me realize there’s another way.  People different than myself are still people.  The rest of my prison term, which was still several years, I did everything I could to become a good guy.  First I had to find out what good guys are like, so I read The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and decades-old copies of GQ I found in the prison library.  When I got out, I was still pretty shaky.  People were freaked out because I acted too nice.  I’d say hi to strangers and they’d pull their kids away.

“Anyway, it took me a while to adapt back into society.  Now I’m head chef at Piccolo’s.  But I thought, ‘I can do more with my life.  I can change the world, make up for all my old wrongs.  To start off, I’m going to do a little teaching at the community college.’”

All of this was overwhelming.  Was this really my brother?  Part of me wanted to believe in this miraculous metamorphosis, but part of me said it was bullshit.  And then a casual addition, “I’ve been seeing a girl.”

“What’s her name?”

“Emma.  She teaches at the community college with me.”  He paused.  “She’s great—smart, funny, attractive.  You know, I wasn’t planning on this, but she’s waiting outside in the car.  Want to meet her?”

We walked to his car, where she was sitting in the passenger seat wearing sunglasses, strange for this gray winter day.  Still, I could tell she was beautiful with blond hair, high cheek bones, and an expertly crafted nose.  But her back had an unnatural rigidness, and her lips were pursed shut.

“Hey baby,” Paul said.  “Sorry to keep you waiting.”

She stood up and stared through her sunglasses lifelessly at him.  Something didn’t seem right.  “Hi Emma, I’m Greg.”  I held out a hand.  She reluctantly took it.

Back in the house I opened Paul’s wine.  Paul and I talked about his restaurant.  Emma remained silent.  She sat in her chair like the back was made of glass shards.  She hadn’t taken off her sunglasses either.

“What’s wrong, baby?  This is just my kid brother, he won’t hurt you.  Why don’t you reveal those gorgeous eyes of yours?”

Emma didn’t respond.  She started to tremble, then vibrate.  Her voice barely above a whisper, but deep and guttural, “Tell me what happened in Georgia.”

“Baby, I haven’t seen Greg in decades.”

“Tell me.”

Baby, I thought I already told you about it.  I was 24 years old, as stupid as Stephen Hawking is smart. There was a riot and some buildings were lit on fire.  That’s how I ended up in jail.”

“Paul, my father was a firefighter in Georgia.”  I heard Paul gulp from ten feet away.  Her voice got louder and she stopped trembling.  “He was my hero.  When I was in high school, he responded to a fire in the county courthouse.  He was on the roof trying to ventilate the smoke, but the fire extended farther than they thought and he fell through the roof.  The fire raged out of control and they never found his body.”

She was crying now.  “I just got off the phone with my mother.  Paul, you set the fire that killed my father.”
Paul opened his mouth to speak, but she cut him off.  “I never want to see you again.”  With that she was gone.

I looked at Paul, noticed my jaw was hanging open, and slammed it shut.  “A tragic coincidence,” was all I could muster.

Paul’s eyes were shut.  His cheeks were pale and the fullness to his lips was gone.  His appearance now more closely resembled what I remembered as a teenager.  He had been a miserable, bullying big brother.  Once while I was at a friend’s house, he covered my bed in snow and left it there to melt, soaking the mattress.  That night, as I lay on the floor in my sleeping bag, I was too livid to sleep.  I kicked my bed frame and tore a gash in my foot.  He had teased me and hurt me, and now he had forced me onto the floor like a dog.

But Paul was different now, and I should say something to cheer him up.  “Paul it was a fluke.  I mean, what are the chances?  You’ll find somebody else, no problem.”

Paul opened his eyes.  In them I saw profound despair.  “For the first 24 years of my life, Greg, everyone who I had contact with hated me.  The kids in high school who I insulted because they were too poor, too rich, too skinny, too fat.  The blacks I robbed and assaulted with the neo-Nazis.  The people I offended in my congregation.  The others injured in the Georgia fire and their families.  My invariable depression and the life it sucked out of anyone who met me.”

“You don’t seem depressed now, and you’ve got two great jobs.  Put that behind you and start fresh,” I said. 

“Don’t you get it?” he cried.  “Emma was no accident.  There are people all around this country who have a right to hate me, and that’s not going to change just because I teach math at a community college.  Hell, I could donate 100 million dollars to hospitals in Africa and I would not be exonerated from my crimes.  I must be one of the most despised men on this planet.  I’m going to die alone.”  He sniffled pathetically.

At this moment I knew that my brother had not changed.  An intense wave of anger smothered any hope I had for his reformation.  Paul was the same self-obsessed, egotistical maniac he was 28 years ago.  He cared only for his own image, his own ranking in the world.  Did he feel guilty for having caused such suffering?  No, he talked about the fire like it was a joke.  Did he feel sorry for the death of Emma’s father?  He didn’t say a word to console her.  Did he have any respect for our family?  He came to see me today, after 28 years of silence, to show off his clothes, his jobs, and his girlfriend.  He wanted my support, and probably my money.  “I’d like you to leave,” I said.

“I thought you might be one person I could confide in, one person I could call my friend,” he said.

“Paul, first you barge in here after either ignoring me or actively hurting me my entire life.  Then you claim to have changed, but really all you’ve done is wrapped a fancy new coat around the selfish, offensive old Paul.  You’re not going to get sympathy from me, and you’re certainly not going to get a friend.  I hope you at least maintain your crust of virtue—you might teach a few kids calculus, but underneath you’ll always be an asshole.”

“Screw you Greg.  I have the wherewithal to do big things in this world.  I don’t need anybody else’s help.  You and everyone else can go to hell.”  Spit flew out of his mouth—it was disgusting.

I stood up to indicate that we were done.  My teeth clenched, I heard a low hiss involuntarily emanating from my lips.  Paul stomped to the door, threw his backpack violently around his shoulders, and slammed the door behind him.

Something fell to the floor, and I discovered that his aggressive exit had caused an ace of hearts keychain to fall off his backpack.  I picked it up and gripped the thick plastic covering the miniature card.  It was a worthless trinket, and I threw it against the wall in revulsion.  The plastic wasn’t as thick as I thought, and the key chain shattered.  To my surprise, several other cards were hidden behind the ace of hearts.  There were also a king, queen, jack, and 10 of the same suit—a royal flush.  To fit in the plastic key chain, the cards were tissue paper-thin and torn.  Paul’s fragile hand was a fraud.  And the balloon of virtue he had paraded with into my house had popped.

Since that night with Paul I’ve met others who are lurching clumsily through life, recoiling from person after person, striving toward heavenly greatness, never realizing that all they desire is plainly contained in the humanity around them.    

Tuesday, January 3, 2012

Minimalism

People are very busy, with themselves and their things.  Everything people need for sustenance and entertainment and communication is contained in our massive suburban houses.  Screens of all shapes and sizes shoot images and information into our eyeballs.  Why go outside and take a walk down to the corner store, or chat with a neighbor?  You can get whatever you want delivered and you can text your friend.  If there happens to be a reason to leave the house, people take their car of course.  They travel on highways of immense girth, speeding over wastelands of noise and pollution.  Inside the car, people transform into simple-minded machines, hypnotized by their music and determined to reach their destination as fast as possible, oblivious to their surroundings.  Cars have destroyed the social, nurturing neighborhood of past generations.

All of these screens and cars leaves no time for two important human activities: socializing and thinking.  In the NYTimes this weekend, Pico Iyer writes how some people are choosing to escape the daily madness to pursue these activities (http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/01/opinion/sunday/the-joy-of-quiet.html?src=me&ref=general).  Iyer describes Internet and computer vacations, which are used by many individuals and corporations to increase productivity by giving people time to think critically, versus the usual swamping with information.  I agree that it's essential to spend a little time doing some pure human endeavor each day.  For me, a run or a bike ride does the trick.  I refuse to run with an mp3 player because I've found I don't feel nearly refreshed upon returning if I listen to music while running.  I prefer my run to be uncontaminated by the digital world.  I could probably do with a lot more "silent time"...perhaps I'll try meditation.

I'm currently reading Walden by Henry David Thoreau, which was written 167 years ago but is immediately relevant to our time.  The book is spectacular--I could choose so many passages to quote, but here's a straightforward one from the beginning:

"Most men, even in this comparatively free country, through mere ignorance or mistake, are so occupied with the factitious cares and superfluously coarse labors of life that its finer fruits cannot be plucked by them.  Their fingers, from excessive toil, are too clumsy and tremble too much for that.  Actually, the laboring man has not leisure for a true integrity day by day; he cannot afford to sustain the manliest relations to men; his labor would be depreciated in the market.  He has no time to be anything but a machine.  How can he remember well his ignorance--which his growth requires--who has so often to use his knowledge?  We should feed and clothe him gratuitously sometimes, and recruit him with our cordials, before we judge of him.  The finest qualities of our nature, like the bloom on fruits, can be preserved only by the most delicate handling.  Yet we do not treat ourselves nor one another thus tenderly."

From this passage, we see that the workaholic American culture is not new.  Working hard makes people think they are accomplishing and learning things, but are they really?  When I was firefighting, we spoke of "tunnel vision"--you're trying so hard to do something and are so engrossed in one tiny detail, you miss all the other important events around you.  Hard work, by itself, could mean you are tackling a problem like a brute, impervious to alternative ideas.  Stubbornly pursuing a goal just to "finish it" is just as passive as letting information flow over you without responding.  I think wisdom is acquired by relaxing so you're capable of analyzing all that you sense.  You have to step to the side of the information tidal wave for a moment, get out of the car, escape the cubicle--if you want to create new ideas, if you want to be human.  Philosophy, science, religion--all the thoughts and concepts central to our humanity, were conceived during leisure time, which technological advancements gave us the opportunity to enjoy.  We cannot allow our current technology to override its ancient purpose--to give us time to think.

Here's some minimalist music (Philip Glass is coming to Ann Arbor later this month to preview a revival of Einstein on the Beach that will debut in France in March of this year)


And here's a clip from the Breakfast Club, my new favorite movie that I discovered over winter break: